Tamarindas yra rūgštus ir saldus vaisių ankštis. Jis plačiai naudojamas Indijos ir Afrikos virtuvėse. Jis taip pat naudojamas keliuose Azijos ir Artimųjų Rytų preparatuose.

„Tamarind“ patiekalui suteikia aštrų ir saldų skonį. Šio vaisiaus ekstraktai buvo naudojami senovės medicinoje gydant gyvačių įkandimus, maliariją, diabetą, vidurių užkietėjimą ir keletą ūmių bei lėtinių ligų.

Šiame įraše mes daugiau išnagrinėsime apie tamarindą ir įvairius būdus, kaip jį įtraukti į savo dietą.

Kas yra Tamarindas?

Tamarindo ( Tamarindus indica ) medis yra kilęs iš atogrąžų Afrikos. Prieš metus jis buvo pristatytas Indijoje. Indai ją taip gerai priėmė, kad ji tapo (beveik) vietine jų šalimi. Pavadinimas kilęs iš persų kalbos žodžio, vadinamo „tamar-I-hind“ (tai reiškia „Indijos data“) (1).

Ispanų ir portugalų kalbomis jis vadinamas „tamarindo“, o prancūziškai - „tamarin“, „tamarinier“, „tamarinier des Indes“ arba „tamarindier“. Tai vokiečių kalba „tamarinde“, o italų kalba - „tamarandizio“. Indijoje jis žinomas kaip „ambli“, „imli“, „smakras“ arba tamarindas. Kambodžoje tai yra „ampilas“ arba „choua me“ ir „ma-kharm“ Tailande. Vietnamo kalba tai tik „aš“. Jis naudojamas įvairiose pasaulio virtuvėse, todėl kilo keli pavadinimai.

Tamarindo kilmė

Tamarindas klysta dėl to, kad turi indišką kilmę. Botaninis pavadinimas „indica“ taip pat palaiko šį mitą. Tačiau medis Havajuose natūralizuotas apie 1797 m.

Manoma, kad tamarindas buvo atvestas atogrąžų Amerikoje, Bermuduose, Bahamose ir Vakarų Indijoje daug anksčiau.

Lėtai augantis, milžiniškas tamarindo medis duoda panašių į ankštis vaisių. Šiose ankštyse yra labai rūgščios (ir ypač aštrios) mėsos. Šiose ankštyse apgaubtos minkštos, balkšvos, nepakankamai išsivysčiusios sėklos.

Kai jos subręsta, ankštys tampa sultingos. Minkštimas tampa rudas, lipnus ir pluoštinis. Išorinė oda virsta lengvai įtrūkusiu apvalkalu. Sėklos auga kietai ir blizgiai rudos.

Gaminant maistą plačiai naudojami tiek žali, tiek prinokę tamarindo vaisiai. Jis buvo naudojamas kaip pagardas kariuose, padažuose, pestose ir panardintuose patiekaluose. Tamarindas taip pat gaminamas su ryžiais, žuvimi ir mėsa kaip pagrindiniu kai kurių virtuvių ingredientu.

Kitaip tariant, tamarindas patenka į beveik kiekvieną virtuvę.

Bet kokia gali būti jo populiarumo pasaulyje priežastis? Tai gali būti ne tik dėl skonio, ar ne?

Tiesa. Tamarindas yra žinomas dėl kelių terapinių savybių. Tai tarnauja kaip puikus vidurius laisvinantis ir karminuojantis vaistas. Jis taip pat turi stiprių priešuždegiminių ir antiseptinių savybių.

Tamarindas tradiciškai vartojamas pilvo skausmui, viduriavimui, dizenterijai, žaizdų gijimui, uždegimui ir karščiavimui gydyti (1). Manoma, kad jis taip pat padeda gydyti sąnarių skausmus, gerklės skausmą, astmą, patinusius sąnarius, konjunktyvitą ir hemorojus.

Kitas skyrius yra apie tamarindo naudą. Pasižiūrėk!

7 Tamarindo nauda sveikatai

„Tamarind“ yra gerai žinoma namų gydymo priemonė užkietėjus viduriams, diabetui, odos sveikatai ir mikrobinėms infekcijoms valdyti. Taip pat įrodyta, kad tai padeda numesti svorį ir užkirsti kelią širdies ir kraujagyslių ligoms. Patvirtinkime šiuos įsitikinimus remdamiesi moksliniais įrodymais.

1. Gali sušvelninti kepenų pažeidimus

Lėtinis kūno uždegimas netiesiogiai veikia kepenis. Tyrimo metu žiurkėms, sergančioms artritu, buvo suteiktas tamarindo sėklų ekstraktas. Rezultatai parodė kepenų oksidacinio streso sumažėjimą (2).

Tamarindo ekstrakte esantys aktyvūs procianidinai neutralizavo laisvųjų radikalų pažeidimus kepenyse. Taip pat buvo pastebėtas uždegiminių žymenų, tokių kaip glutationas, visas tiolis, glutationo peroksidazė ir reduktazė, kiekio sumažėjimas (2), (3).

Tamarinde esantys mineralai, tokie kaip varis, nikelis, manganas, selenas ir geležis, padeda pagerinti jūsų kūno apsaugą nuo oksidacinio streso. Selenas kartu su vitaminu E apsaugo kepenų ląstelių lipidų kiekį nuo laisvųjų radikalų priepuolio (3).

2. Gali padėti nušveisti ir pašviesinti odą

Tamarindo vaisių minkštimas nuo senų senovės buvo naudojamas kaip natūralus odos šveitiklis. Tai skatina lygesnę ir šviesesnę odą, nes yra alfa-hidroksilo rūgščių (AHA). Tamarindo minkštimo AHA yra vyno rūgštis (8–23,8%), pieno rūgštis (2%), citrinos rūgštis ir obuolių rūgštis. Šie AHA kartu su pektinu ir apverstu cukrumi drėkina ir drėkina odą (4).

Teigiama, kad tamarindo minkštimas turi odą šviesinančių savybių. Buvo atliktas tyrimas su 11 savanorių vyrų, siekiant ištirti tamarindo sėklų ekstrakto poveikį odos tonusui. Sėklų ekstraktas 12 savaičių buvo tepamas / masažuojamas du kartus per dieną ant jų skruostų (4), (5).

Taikant bandomąjį produktą, odos melanino ir sebumo kiekis santykinai sumažėjo. Tai galima sieti su antioksidantų polifenolių buvimu tamarinde. Šie junginiai pašalina laisvuosius radikalus jūsų kūne ir netiesiogiai sumažina melanino kiekį odoje (5).

3. Gali padėti svorio valdymas

Obesity is linked to heart, liver, kidney, and several metabolic disorders. Researchers have studied the effect of tamarind on weight management and obesity in rat studies. Tamarind pulp was found to lower the bad cholesterol (LDL) and increase the good cholesterol (HDL) content in plasma (6).

This anti-obesity effect was seen when rats on a high-fat diet received 5, 25, or 50 mg/kg of tamarind pulp extract orally for 10 weeks. This study also resulted in body weight loss in these rats (6).

Moreover, this extract reduced the activity of fatty acid synthase (FAS). FAS is an enzyme that promotes the formation of adipose tissue in your body. It also prevents the oxidation of lipids by free radicals. The rat study demonstrated the antioxidant properties of this extract as well (6).

The extract could induce beneficial effects in obesity-induced rats. Further studies are needed to understand what other compounds in the plant contribute to this benefit.

4. May Relieve Stomach Ache And Constipation

Tamarind has traditionally been used as a laxative because it has high amounts of malic and tartaric acids. Tamarind also contains potassium bitartrate, which, along with other active ingredients, relieves constipation (7).

Constipation and diarrhea often cause abdominal pain. Tamarind bark and root extracts have been proven to be effective in curing stomach ache. In Nigeria, soaked tamarind is eaten to deal with constipation (7).

Rasam is a South Indian preparation that is made of spices, tamarind, cumin, black pepper, and mustard. It is eaten with rice to promote digestion (8).

5. May Control Hypertension And Promote Heart Health

The dried pulp of tamarind fruits was found to have anti-hypertensive effects. Tamarind pulp has been found to reduce diastolic blood pressure at a dose of 15 mg/kg body weight (9).

Animal studies have demonstrated the anti-atherosclerotic effect of this fruit. Thus, tamarind extract has a high potential to lower the risk of atherosclerosis (clogging of arteries) in humans as well (10).

The fruit extract was able to heal atherosclerotic lesions in hamsters. Moreover, active tamarind molecules possess anti-inflammatory effects. They can tone down the severity of atherosclerosis and several cardiovascular diseases (10).

6. May Help Manage Diabetes and Hyperglycemia

Tamarind brought down the blood sugar levels in diabetic rats. This fruit could neutralize hyperglycemia even in rats that had severe diabetes (10), (11).

One of the major causes of diabetes is inflammation of pancreatic cells, especially those cells that produce insulin (beta cells). Since tamarind can inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory chemicals like TNF alpha, it can protect the pancreas from inflammation-induced damage (11), (12).

The seeds of this fruit can boost the neogenesis (production of new cells) of pancreatic beta cells. This may restore the ability to produce required amounts of insulin in patients with diabetes (10), (12).

7. Can Help Prevent Malaria And Microbial Diseases

Tamarind has been used as a febrifuge (fever control medicine) in traditional medicine. African tribes in Ghana use the leaves of tamarind to treat malaria (10).

This fruit also has a broad-spectrum of antimicrobial properties (10).

Extracts of tamarind have shown significant inhibitory effect against Burkholderia pseudomallei , Klebsiella pneumoniae,Salmonella paratyphi , Bacillus subtilis , Salmonella typhi , and Staphylococcus aureus (10).

Various parts of this plant have been used to cure malaria. Similar fevers caused due to bacterial infections can also be managed with tamarind extracts. Its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties could play a critical role in such cases.

Did You Know?

Tamarind has proven anti-venom properties. It is widely used as a remedy against snake bites in India.

Its extract prevents edema, hemorrhage, and rapid blood clotting in victims.

Moreover, tamarind seeds can inhibit several enzymes that are involved in venom response in your body (10).

In India and Africa, tamarind is used as an aphrodisiac. Rat studies demonstrated the effect of this fruit extract on sexual drive and arousal. Male rats showed an increase in sperm count and motility.

Tamarind extract has low toxicity and is safe up to an oral dose of 2000 mg/kg (13).

Tamarind is a household name. This sour-sweet fruit is a staple in several cuisines. Its integral place in the kitchen is because of its excellent nutritional value. Check out the next section to find out more.

Nutritional Value of Tamarind

The values in the brackets include the daily value of the particular nutrient the serving of the ingredient meets .

NUTRITIONAL VALUE PER 1 CUP, PULP 120 g
Nutrients	Units	Quantity
Water	g	37.68
Energy	kcal	287
Energy	kJ	1200
Protein	g	3.36
Total lipid (fat)	g	0.72
Ash	g	3.24
Carbohydrate, by difference	g	75.00
Fiber, total dietary	g	6.1
Sugars, total	g	46.56
Minerals
Calcium, Ca	mg	89
Iron, Fe	mg	3.36
Magnesium, Mg	mg	110
Phosphorus, P	mg	136
Potassium, K	mg	754
Sodium, Na	mg	34
Zinc, Zn	mg	0.12
Copper, Cu	mg	0.103
Selenium, Se	mg	1.6
Vitamins
Vitamin C, total ascorbic acid	mg	4.2
Thiamin	mg	0.514
Riboflavin	mg	0.182
Niacin	mg	2.326
Pantothenic acid	mg	0.172
Vitamin (B6)	mg	0.079
Folate, total	mg	17
Folate, food	mg	17
Folate, DFE	µg	17
Choline, total	mg	10.3
Vitamin A, RAE	µg	2
Carotene, beta	µg	22
Vitamin A, IU	IU	36
Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol)	mg	0.12
Vitamin K (phylloquinone)	µg	3.4

(Source: United States Department of Agriculture)

Tamarind contains a variety of biologically active phytochemical compounds. Predominantly, it contains catechin, epicatechin, proanthocyanidins, apigenin, luteolin, naringenin, taxifolin, eriodictyol, and other phenolic polymers (14).

Tamarind leaf pulp contains pipecolic acid, nicotinic acid, 1-malic acid, geraniol, limonene, pipecolic acid, lupanone, lupeol, orientin, isoorientin, vitexin, isovitexin, cinnamates, serine, pectin, tannins, and glycosides (7).

Tamarind fruits commonly contain tannins, succinic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, and pectin. Its seeds contain campesterol, beta-amyrin, beta-sitosterol, oleic acid, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, and eicosanoic acid. Cellulose, albuminoid amyloids, and phytohemagglutinin were also found in traces (7).

The phytochemicals and nutrients of tamarind act in synergy to produce its miraculous benefits.

Aren’t you excited to use tamarind in your cooking? Here are a few tips on how to use and store tamarind.

How To Use And Store Tamarind

There are various ways you can use tamarind in your cooking.

One of the simplest ways to extract the pulp of this fruit is by soaking it.

• Soak a small piece of tamarind in warm water.
• Leave it in the water for about 10 minutes until it softens. Squeeze and squish the tamarind piece with your fingers.
• Strain the juice and discard the pulp.

The next method takes a bit longer. You will need to soak, refrigerate, and extract the pulp.

• Place a handful of semi-dried tamarind pieces in a glass container that has a lid.
• Pour enough drinking water to immerse the pieces.
• Close the lid and place the container in the refrigerator.
• Leave it overnight. By the next morning, the chunks of tamarind will soften and be ready to use.
• Squeeze sufficient pulp and store the rest of the soft tamarind.
• Cover the container once you are done. Let the rest remain in the refrigerator until it lasts.

Now comes the elaborate and (a little) messier way of extracting the pulp. In this method, you soak, squeeze, and boil the tamarind.

• Add 5-6 ounces of tamarind pieces and 2 cups of water to a microwave-safe bowl.
• Heat it in the microwave for about a minute until the pieces soften.
• Let the contents cool down completely.
• Once cooled, squish out the pulp from the soaked tamarind pieces using your fingers.
• Add small amounts of water and keep squeezing the pulp until the yield ceases.
• You will have a slurry of tamarind pulp in water.
• Run the slurry through a mesh/sieve/strainer to collect the juice in a colander.
• Add more water to the remaining pulp in the sieve and squeeze it to extract the last traces of tamarind juice.
• You should only be left with the fiber and seeds from the fruit when you are done.
• Discard the solid waste and transfer the juice to a saucepan.
• Boil the contents for 1-2 minutes.
• Reduce the heat to a simmer for 5 minutes. The juice should thicken to a soupy-syrupy consistency by now.
• Remove from heat and let it cool completely.
• Pour the fresh tamarind syrup into a clean, sterile jar.
• Refrigerate until the next use.
• Use a clean, dry spoon to take out the tamarind syrup.
• Refrigerate the rest. Don’t leave the spoon/ladle in the bottle.

This way, tamarind extract can last up to three months. If you use tamarind in your cooking every day, the above method is probably the best. It saves you time and effort without compromising on the taste.

You can try the method you prefer and enjoy the benefits of tamarind. Including tamarind in your food can fulfill the recommended daily requirement of several minerals like iron, zinc, magnesium, and calcium.

Tamarind also has medicinal uses. It could be used in the form of a beverage to treat constipation or fever. Its bark and leaves may also be used to promote wound healing. However, more research is warranted in this regard.

Different Forms Of Tamarind

There are two major forms of tamarind. The most common form is the one that tastes sour. The other form is sweet tamarind that is usually grown in Thailand.

Tamarind can be consumed fresh, both in its ripe or unripe forms. It also can be processed into different products. Tamarind juice has similar benefits, as discussed in this post.

Though tamarind is medicinally very relevant, excess intake can cause problems. In the following section, we will look at the possible side effects of tamarind.

Does Tamarind Have Any Side Effects Or Risks?

The World Health Organization (WHO) considers tamarind fruit to be safe and non-toxic. Rat studies have shown no mortality/toxicity even after the administration of 5000 mg/kg and 3000 mg/kg doses of its extract (15).

However, your kidneys may be affected by mineral overload. It would be better to consult a nutritionist/healthcare provider to decide on the upper limit of tamarind intake for you (15).

There is insufficient data to understand the safety of consuming tamarind for pregnant and nursing women.

Also, if you are on anti hypertensive or anti-diabetic drug medication, it is better to consume only small amounts of this fruit extract. Some may advise you against its usage. However, none of these claims have been proven.

Conclusion

Tamarind is the central ingredient of Indian and several indigenous Asian dishes. Traditional medicine considers this fruit and its parts a remedy for a host of conditions.

Its leaves, fruit, seeds, bark, stems, branches, and flowers (almost every part) have high therapeutic value. The anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, catechins, tannins, polyphenolic acids, minerals, vitamins, sugars, and other phytonutrients make tamarind an ingredient you cannot miss.

Expert’s Answers for Readers Questions

Is it good to eat tamarind every day?

Yes. Tamarind is rich in nutrients, and including it in your everyday diet can improve your health in the long run.

Is tamarind good for sleep?

Some believe that the high magnesium content in tamarind may help promote sleep. The mineral is believed to relax nerves. However, there is lack of scientific evidence to back this up.

Does tamarind help treat kidney stones?

There is no research that links tamarind to treating kidney stones. Excess intake of tamarind may, in fact, overload your kidneys with the minerals.

Is tamarind good for migraine?

There is no scientific backing to prove that tamarind can help migraines.

15 sources

„Stylecraze“ turi griežtas apskaitos gaires ir remiasi recenzuojamais tyrimais, akademinių tyrimų įstaigomis ir medicinos asociacijomis. Vengiame naudoti tretines nuorodas. Skaitydami redakcijos politiką galite sužinoti daugiau apie tai, kaip užtikriname, kad mūsų turinys yra tikslus ir aktualus.

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  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3210002/

• Tamarindo sėklų ekstraktas sušvelnina žiurkių, sergančių artritu, kepenų oksidacinį stresą, „Food & Function“, JAV Nacionalinė medicinos biblioteka, Nacionaliniai sveikatos institutai.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24500568

• Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Activity of a New Tablets Formulation from Tamarindus indica L., Hindawi, Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine.

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• Cleansing lotion containing tamarind fruit pulp extract. III. Study of lightening efficacy and skin irritation on Asian skin type, ScienceAsia, CiteSeerX, The Pennsylvania State University.

  citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.488.1466&rep=rep1&type=pdf

• Skin Lightening and Sebum Control Efficacy of a Cosmetic Emulsion Containing Extract of Tamarind Seeds on Asian Skin Type, Latin American Journal Of Pharmacy, ResearchGate.

  www.academia.edu/30222560/_Skin_Lightening_and_Sebum_Control_Efficacy_of_a_Cosmetic_Emulsion_Containing_Extract_of_Tamarind_Seeds_on_Asian_Skin_Type

• Antiobesity effect of Tamarindus indica L. pulp aqueous extractin high-fat diet-induced obese rats, Journal of Natural Medicines, Academia.

  www.academia.edu/32111753/Antiobesity_effect_of_Tamarindus_indica_L._pulp_aqueous_extract_in_high-fat_diet-induced_obese_rats

• Medicinal uses & pharmacological activity of Tamarindus indica, World Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Academia.

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• A Comprehensive Review on Rasam: A South Indian Traditional Functional Food, Pharmacognosy Review, US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5628526/

• Effect of Tamarindus indica fruits on blood pressure and lipid-profile in human model: an in vivo approach, Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16751124

• Tamarindus indica: Extent of explored potential, Pharmacognosy Review, US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3210002/

• Anti-inflammatory action of Tamarind seeds reduces hyperglycemic excursion by repressing pancreatic β-cell damage and normalizing SREBP-1c concentration, Pharmaceutical Biology, US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23151094

• Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic Effect of Seed Hydromethanolic Extract of Tamarindus indica L. on Streptozotocin Induced Diabetes Mellitus in Rat, American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics, CiteSeerX, The Pennsylvania State University.

  citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.684.5252&rep=rep1&type=pdf

• Evaluation of the aphrodisiac potential of a chemically characterized aqueous extract of Tamarindus indica pulp, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28830817

• Isolation and structure elucidation of phenolic antioxidants from Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) seeds and pericarp, Food and Chemical Toxicology, US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16000233

• Six-Month Chronic Toxicity Study of Tamarind Pulp (Tamarindus indica L.) Water Extract, Scientia Pharmaceutica, US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.

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